what is the correct sentence to work or to run or to work and run?
What this handout is about
If instructors accept ever returned your papers with "frag," "S.F.," "R.O.," or "run-on" written in the margin, you may find this handout useful. It will help you locate and correct sentence fragments and run-ons.
The basics
Earlier we get to the problems and how to fix them, let's take a minute to review some information that is then basic you've probably forgotten it.
What is a complete sentence? A complete sentence is not merely a group of words with a uppercase letter at the beginning and a period or question mark at the finish. A complete sentence has 3 components:
- a subject area (the actor in the judgement)
- a predicate (the verb or action), and
- a complete idea (it can stand alone and make sense—information technology'southward independent).
Some sentences can be very curt, with just two or three words expressing a complete thought, similar this:
They waited.
This sentence has a bailiwick (They) and a verb (waited), and information technology expresses a complete thought. Nosotros tin understand the thought completely with but those two words, and then again, it's contained—an independent clause. Only independent clauses (i.e., complete sentences) can be expanded to comprise a lot more than information, like this:
They waited for the motorbus all morning time.
They waited for the bus all morning in the rain last Tuesday.
Wishing they'd brought their umbrella, they waited for the motorcoach all morning time in the rain last Tuesday.
Wishing they'd brought their umbrella and dreaming of their nice warm bed, they waited for the bus all morning in the pelting last Tuesday, determined to make information technology to form for their test.
As your sentences grow more complicated, it gets harder to spot and stay focused on the bones elements of a consummate judgement, but if you look carefully at the examples above, you'll see that the primary idea is even so that they waited—one main subject and one chief verb. No matter how long or short the other sentence parts are, none of them can stand alone and brand sense.
Being able to find the primary field of study, the principal verb, and the complete thought is the beginning fob to learn for identifying fragments and run-ons.
Sentence fragments
A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence. Some fragments are incomplete considering they lack either a subject or a verb, or both. The fragments that most students have trouble with, however, are dependent clauses—they have a discipline and a verb, so they await like consummate sentences, but they don't express a complete thought. They're called "dependent" because they can't stand up on their own (merely like some people you might know who are SO dependent!). Look at these dependent clauses. They're simply begging for more than data to make the thoughts consummate:
Because their auto was in the shop (…What did they exercise?)
After the rain stops (…What then?)
When you finally take the examination (…What will happen?)
Since you asked (…Will yous get the reply?)
If you want to go with me (…What should you do?)
Does each of these examples have a subject area? Yes. Does each have a verb? Yes. So what makes the thought incomplete? Information technology'south the first word (Because, Later, When, Since, If). These words belong to a special course of words called subordinators or subordinating conjunctions. If you know something nearly subordinating conjunctions, you can probably eliminate xc% of your fragments.
First, yous need to know that subordinating conjunctions do three things:
- join two sentences together
- make i of the sentences dependent on the other for a complete thought (make 1 a dependent clause)
- betoken a logical relationship
Second, you demand to recognize the subordinators when yous see them. Hither is a listing of mutual subordinating conjunctions and the relationships they indicate:
- Cause / Upshot: because, since, so that
- Comparison / Contrast: although, even though, though, whereas, while
- Place & Manner: how, notwithstanding, where, wherever
- Possibility / Conditions: if, whether, unless
- Relation: that, which, who
- Time: after, equally, before, since, when, whenever, while, until
3rd, y'all need to know that the subordinator (and the whole dependent clause) doesn't have to be at the commencement of the sentence. The dependent clause and the independent clause tin can switch places, simply the whole clause moves as 1 big chunk. Look at how these clauses switched places in the sentence:
Because their car was in the shop, they took the double-decker.
They took the bus because their machine was in the shop.
Finally, you need to know that every dependent clause needs to be attached to an independent clause (recollect, the independent clause can stand on its own).
How practice yous find and fix your fragments? Remember the basics: field of study, verb, and complete thought. If yous can recognize those things, you're halfway there. Then, browse your sentences for subordinating conjunctions. If you observe one, offset identify the whole chunk of the dependent clause (the discipline and verb that go with the subordinator), and and then make certain they're attached to an independent clause.
They took the bus. (Independent clause. Then far, all is well!)
Considering their car was in the shop. (Dependent clause all by itself. Uh oh! Fragment!)
They took the bus because their car was in the store.
Run-ons
These are also called fused sentences. You lot are making a run-on when you lot put two complete sentences (a subject area and its predicate and another subject and its predicate) together in 1 sentence without separating them properly. Here's an example of a run-on:
My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus it is very garlicky.
This one judgement actually contains two complete sentences. But in the blitz to get that idea out, I made it into one incorrect judgement. Luckily, in that location are many means to correct this run-on sentence.
You could employ a semicolon:
My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus; it is very garlicky.
You lot could use a comma and a analogous conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so):
My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, for information technology is very garlicky. -OR- My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, and it is very garlicky.
You lot could use a subordinating conjunction (see to a higher place):
My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus because information technology is very garlicky. -OR- Considering it is and so garlicky, my favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus.
You could make it into two separate sentences with a menstruum in between:
My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus. It is very garlicky.
You could use an em-nuance (a long nuance) for accent:
My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus—information technology is very garlicky.
Notation: You CANNOT simply add a comma betwixt the ii sentences, or yous'll terminate up with what's called a "comma splice." Here's an example of a comma splice:
My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, information technology is very garlicky.
Yous tin can fix a comma splice the same fashion you lot fix a run-on—either change the punctuation or add a conjunction. The good news is that writers tend to be either comma splicers or run-on artists, merely almost never both. Which one are you? If you take item trouble with comma splices, try looking at our handout on commas.
Finding run-ons
As you tin can see, fixing run-ons is pretty easy once you see them—simply how do you notice out if a sentence is a run-on if you lot aren't sure? Rei R. Noguchi, in his book Grammar and the Teaching of Writing, recommends two methods for testing your sentences. Try these 2 tests:
- Turn your sentences into yes/no questions.
- Plough your sentences into tag questions (sentences that finish with a questioning phrase at the very cease—expect at our examples below).
These are two things that nearly everyone can do hands if the sentence is not a run-on, but they become side by side to impossible if it is.
Look at the following sentence:
My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus.
If you plow information technology into a question that someone could reply with a yeah or no, it looks like this:
Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus?
If you turn it into a tag question, information technology looks like this:
My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, isn't it?
The starting time sentence is complete and not a run-on, considering our test worked.
At present, look once more at the original run-on judgement:
My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus it is very garlicky.
The yes/no question can only exist fabricated with each separate thought, not the sentence as a whole:
Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus? Is it very garlicky?
But not:
Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus is information technology very garlicky?
The tag question can also only be fabricated with each separate idea, rather than the whole:
My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, isn't it? Information technology's very garlicky, isn't it?
But never:
My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus information technology is very garlicky, isn't information technology?
Unlike the complete judgement, the run-on sentence doesn't pass these tests. When you try to plough the run-on sentence into a single question, yous immediately see that the judgement has more than one complete concept. Make sure you effort both tests with each of your trouble sentences, because y'all may trick yourself by just putting a tag on the last part and not noticing that it doesn't work on the first. Some people might not observe that "My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus it is very garlicky isn't it?" is wrong, but near people will spot the yeah/no question problem right away.
Every one time in a while, you lot or your instructor will see a actually long sentence and retrieve information technology's a run-on when it isn't. Really long sentences can be tiring but non necessarily incorrect—just make sure that yours aren't wrong by using the tests in a higher place.
Works consulted
Nosotros consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resource on the handout'south topic, and we encourage you to do your ain inquiry to find boosted publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as information technology may not match the commendation fashion yous are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial. We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.
Hacker, Diana, and Nancy Sommers. 2014. A Writer's Reference, 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin's.
Lunsford, Andrea A. 2015. The St. Martin's Handbook, 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin'due south.
Noguchi, Rei. 1991. Grammer and the Teaching of Writing: Limits and Possibilities. Urbana, IL: National Quango of Teachers of English.
Ruszkiewicz, John J., Christy Friend, Daniel Seward, and Maxine Hairston. 2010. The Scott, Foresman Handbook for Writers, 9th ed. Boston: Pearson Education.
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Yous may reproduce information technology for not-commercial apply if yous use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Source: https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/fragments-and-run-ons/
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